The term “brain health” refers to the state of optimal functioning of various cognitive, sensory, social-emotional, behavioral, and motor aspects of the brain, enabling an individual to achieve their full potential throughout their life, regardless of any disorders they may have.

There are several factors that influence the development and adaptation of the brain, including physical health, safe and healthy environments, lifelong learning, social connection, and access to quality services. By addressing these determinants, we can promote and prevent brain health across the lifespan. This can have positive effects on both mental and physical health, as well as contribute to the overall well-being of society.

Throughout life, there are various conditions that can affect the brain and nervous system, leading to disruptions in brain growth, structural damage, and impaired functioning. These conditions can range from congenital and neurodevelopmental disorders to neurological disorders that arise later in life. Treating and caring for these conditions requires collaboration across various sectors and disciplines, with a holistic approach that focuses on promoting, preventing, treating, caring for, and rehabilitating the individual. It is essential to involve those with lived experience, as well as their families and caregivers, in the process.

Burden

Neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions are prevalent globally, with a significant burden on low- and middle-income countries. These conditions are the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and contribute to about 9 million deaths annually.

In 2016, the major contributors to neurological DALYs were stroke, migraine, dementia, meningitis, and epilepsy. Parkinson’s disease is the fastest-growing neurological disorder, mainly due to an aging population. In low- and middle-income countries, premature birth, neonatal encephalopathy, and neuroinfections are significant contributors to the high burden of disease in these regions. Additionally, developmental disabilities account for a considerable proportion of years lived with disability among children under 5 years of age.

Despite the high burden, many low-income countries lack dedicated policies for neurological diseases, unlike high-income countries. Available resources for neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions are often insufficient, leading to high treatment gaps. For instance, low- and middle-income countries have significantly fewer adult neurologists per capita than high-income countries. Similarly, resources for the assessment and care of children with neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions are inadequate.

WHO Response

The Intersectoral Global Action Plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders for the period 2022-2031 was adopted by WHO Member States in May 2022. This plan aims to improve the well-being, recovery, and participation of individuals with neurological disorders while decreasing mortality, morbidity, and disability associated with such conditions.

The brain health work of WHO is centered on promoting optimal brain development, cognitive health, and well-being across the lifespan, in line with Universal Health Coverage and the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and WHO’s existing mandates for brain-related conditions like autism spectrum disorder, dementia, and epilepsy. WHO’s primary activities include:

  • Enhancing policies, service delivery, health information systems, research, innovation, and technology (including artificial intelligence, e-health, and big data) particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Providing technical assistance to formulate a comprehensive approach to brain health conditions that focuses on promotion, prevention, treatment, care, and rehabilitation, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Encouraging greater investment and collaboration across various specialties and sectors on a global level.